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Modal verbs show the attitude of the subject towards the action, e.g. the subject can, is able to, is supposed to, wants to or must do the action, e.g.
Er kann eine Pizza backen. (He can bake a pizza.) Wir sollen eine Pizza backen. (We are supposed to bake a pizza.) Sie möchte eine Pizza backen. (She would like to bake a pizza.) Ich muss eine Pizza backen. (I must bake a pizza. / I have to bake a pizza.)
The modal verbs wollen, müssen, sollen, können, dürfen and “möchten” (the conditional of mögen) are normally used with another verb in the infinitive (without zu) which goes to the end of the clause, e.g.
Ich will jetzt gehen. (I want to go now.) Er muss ein Praktikum machen. (He has to do a work placement.) Wann sollst du da sein? (When are you supposed to be there?) Sie kann sehr gut kochen. (She can cook very well.) Darf ich das haben? (May I have that?) Wir möchten den Film sehen. (We would like to see the movie.)
Sometimes this other verb can be dropped if the meaning is already clear from the context, e.g.
Willst du keine Hilfe [haben]? (You don’t want [to have] any help?) Er will keine Sahne [essen]. (He doesn’t want [to eat] any cream.)
Modal verbs may also be used without another verb in the infinitive if a verb of motion (to go [gehen], to go/drive [fahren], to fly [fliegen]) or the idea of to do (machen, tun) is clearly understood, e.g.
Er muss jetzt nach Hause [gehen]. (He has to go home now.) Im Sommer möchte sie nach Deutschland [fahren/fliegen]. (In summer she wants to go/fly to Germany.) Nein, ich kann das alleine [machen]. (No, I can do this by myself.)
mögen is mainly used with a noun or a pronoun, e.g.
Er mag seine Chefin. (He likes his boss.) Wir mögen Fußball. (We like soccer.) Magst du die Musik von Debussy? (Do you like the music by Debussy.) Er mag sie. (He likes her.)
können is also used to express the idea of knowing a language or knowing how do to something, e.g.
Er kann perfekt Deutsch. (His German is perfect.) Sie kann gut Englisch. (She has a good command of English.)
Können Sie Auto fahren? (Do you know how to drive?) Kannst du schwimmen? (Do you know how to swim. / Can you swim?)
Modal verbs in the present tense & the conditional form of "mögen":
Modal verbs in the simple past tense:
Modal verbs in the subjunctive II:
Modal verbs in the perfect tense:
1. If the modal verb is used without another verb in the infinitive:
usually the conjugated form of haben in the present tense + the past participle of the modal verb, e.g.
2. If the modal verb is used with another verb in the infinitive: the conjugated form of haben in the present tense + the infinitive of the other verb + the infinitive of the modal verb, e.g.
Note 1: In spoken German, the structure conjugated form of haben in the present tense + the infinitive of the modal verb is sometimes used, although there is no other verb in the infinitive in the sentence, e.g.
Note 2: There is virtually no difference in meaning between the simple past tense and the perfect tense of modal verbs. The simple past tense, however, is much more common, also in spoken language.
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